Analysing Public Health Impact of Misinformation During COVID-19 Pandemic using the Socio-Ecological Model: A Systematic Review

@#Introduction: Social media and Internet use during disasters have been proven to be useful tools in helping public health agencies to respond to pandemics. However, this tool can also be the culprit in the spread of misinformation to the public. This study aims to identify the public health impact of misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic using the socio-ecological model. Methods: A systematic review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was initially undertaken by searching relevant articles published from January to November 2020 in several electronic databases including Medline, PubMed, and Springer link. All publications produced in English regarding the impact of misinformation during the COVID-19 outbreak were included except review articles. Results: Eleven articles were identified from these databases. The public health impact of misinformation from these articles was analysed and discussed according to the domains of the socio-ecological model. It was found that various elements of misinformation on the COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant impact on the individual, interpersonal, organisational, community, and policy levels across various nations. Conclusion: This study concludes that addressing misinformation during a pandemic such as the COVID-19 phenomenon is an important measure to improve public health response in mitigating the spread of pandemics.

Evaluación de una intervención educativa para mejorar el consumo de frutas, vegetales y la actividad física de docentes en tres centros educativos públicos en Costa Rica / Evaluation of an educational intervention to improve teachers' fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity practice in three public schools in Costa Rica

Resumen: Introducción: El modelo Póngale Vida ® para la prevención de la obesidad infantil reconoce a docentes de las escuelas como actores clave para esta labor, pero para ello se requiere fortalecer los conocimientos y las prácticas para la promoción de la alimentación saludable y la actividad física de los escolares. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la intervención educativa para mejorar la autoeficacia en consumo de frutas y vegetales y en actividad física en docentes de tres centros educativos públicos urbanos de Costa Rica. Metodología: Se aplicó y evaluó la propuesta educativa de Jara y Rivera (2011) con 70 docentes. Hubo evaluaciones antes y después de la aplicación de la intervención. Las variables evaluadas fueron demográficas, de estilo de vida y medición de la autoeficacia para actividad física y consumo de frutas y vegetales, valoraciones bioquímicas y antropométricas. A través de grupos focales, se identificó tanto facilitadores como barreras a nivel personal, familiar y laboral. Resultados: Posterior a la intervención, casi 25 % de docentes incrementó la práctica de actividad física y la autoeficacia para las prácticas de actividad física y consumo de frutas y vegetales. Las barreras identificadas fueron la doble carga de trabajo asociada al rol de género femenino, creencias limitantes y la falta de urgencia para la prevención de enfermedades. Conclusiones: La propuesta educativa favoreció el aumento de la autoeficacia en el consumo de frutas y vegetales, así como la práctica de actividad física de la población docente.

Abstract: Introduction: The Póngale Vida ® model for the prevention of childhood obesity recognizes schoolteachers as key actors in this work, but this requires strengthening their knowledge and practices to promote healthy eating and physical activity for school children. Objective: To evaluate an educational intervention to increase teacher's self-efficacy for fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity, within three public schools in Costa Rica. Methods: Jara and Rivera's educational proposal for intervention (2011) was implemented and evaluated with 70 teachers. There were evaluations before and after the intervention, it had demographic characteristics, lifestyle variables, self-efficacy measurements for physical activity and fruit and vegetables consumption; also, biochemical and anthropometric measures. Focus groups were used to identify facilitators and barriers at personal, family and work levels. Results: After the intervention, almost 25% of teachers increased their physical activity practices, as well as self efficacy for physical activity practice and fruits and vegetables consumption. The main barriers were a double work burden linked with feminine gender roles, limiting beliefs, and, lack of urgency in preventing diseases. Conclusions: The educational intervention contributed in increasing self-efficacy regarding eating fruit and vegetables and the practice of physical activity of participating teachers.

Gender differences in theory-based predictors of physical activity in university students with disabilities / Diferencias de género en predictores teóricos de la actividad física en alumnado universitario con discapacidad

Abstract University students with disabilities engage in physical activity to a lesser extent than their able-bodied peers, with women reporting less physical activity than men. The present study aimed to examine gender differences in theory-based predictors of physical activity in this population. Spanish university students with different disabilities (n = 1076) completed measures of the Theory of Planned Behaviour constructs and the reduced Spanish version of the Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Mobility Impairments. Self-efficacy and controllability were significantly lower in women and gender differences on the barriers predicting controllability were obtained. In conclusion, the present results could be useful in order to implement physical activity behaviour change interventions which differently target men and women with disabilities.

Resumen El alumnado universitario con discapacidad participa en actividad física en menor medida que el alumnado sin discapacidad, reportando las mujeres menor actividad física que los hombres. Este artículo tuvo por objetivo examinar las diferencias de género en predictores teóricos de la actividad física en esta población. Una muestra de alumnado universitario con diferentes discapacidades (n = 1076) completó medidas de los constructos de la teoría de la conducta planeada y la versión reducida en español del instrumento Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Mobility Impairments. La autoeficacia y la controlabilidad fueron significativamente menores en las mujeres y se encontraron diferencias de género en las barreras que predijeron la controlabilidad. En conclusión, los presentes resultados pueden ser útiles para desarrollar intervenciones de cambio de comportamiento en la actividad física que aborden de forma diferente a los hombres y las mujeres con discapacidad.

Ecological analysis of intimate partner sexual violence in Peruvian women / Análisis ecológico de la violencia sexual de pareja en mujeres peruanas

Abstract The ecological model explains intimate partner sexual violence by the interaction of multiple factors that coexist at different levels. The aim of this paper was to analyze the interaction between those levels to estimate the increase or decrease of risk in recent sexual violence by the current partner in 21 414 women at childbearing age (M=30.3 years; SD= 9.2), of whom 59.4% were in cohabitation and 56% had independent work. A two-stage sampling by conglomerates and stratified by areas of Peru's departments was used. To this end, a secondary data analysis from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (2017) was carried out taking into account the modules of violence against women. Four models were determined using the Poisson regression and calculating prevalence ratios and the area under the curve. The results showed that 6.3% of the sample experienced intimate partner sexual violence. Among the individual factors that increase the risk there is a history of domestic violence (PR=1.19 IC:1.07-1.32). In the Microsystem, physical violence (PR = 11.04 IC: 8.49-14.36), economic threats (PR = 2.58 IC:2.24-2.94) and the partner's frequency of drunkenness were found (PR=1.98 IC:1.53- 2.56). On the contrary, communication (PR=0.45 IC:0.40 -0.51) and belonging to higher wealth quintiles (PR=0.59 IC:0.45-0.76) are protective factors of sexual violence. Finally, it is concluded that the simultaneous and reciprocal influence between ecological levels may not be equal regarding the predictive weight of the factors.

Resumen Según el modelo ecológico, la violencia sexual de pareja se explica por la interacción de múltiples factores que coexisten en diversos niveles. Teniendo esto en cuenta, en el presente estudio se buscó medir la interacción existente entre los niveles según el aumento o disminución del riesgo de violencia sexual reciente por parte de la pareja actual en 21 414 mujeres en edad fértil -59.4 % conviviente, 56 % con trabajo independiente y M = 30.3 años (DE = 9.2)-, por medio de un muestreo bietápico por conglomerados y estratificado por áreas departamentales del Perú. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de datos secundario a partir de lo obtenido en los módulos de violencia contra la mujer de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES, 2017), con lo cual se determinaron cuatro modelos a partir de la regresión de Poisson y del cálculo de las razones de prevalencia y del área bajo la curva. Como resultado, se encontró que el 6.3 % experimentó violencia sexual de pareja; que entre los factores individuales que aumentan el riesgo se incluyen, principalmente, los antecedentes de violencia familiar (PR = 1.19; IC: 1.07-1.32); que en el microsistema se encuentran la violencia física (PR = 11.04 IC:8.49-14.36), las amenazas de tipo económico (PR = 2.58 IC:2.24-2.94) y la frecuencia de embriaguez del compañero (PR = 1.98 IC:1.53-2.56); mientras que la comunicación (PR = 0.45 IC:0.40-0.51) y pertenecer a quintiles superiores de riqueza (PR = 0.59 IC:0.45-0.76) resultaron ser factores protectores de la violencia sexual; y, por último, que la influencia simultánea y recíproca entre los niveles ecológicos no resultó paritaria respecto al peso predictivo de los factores.

Home is not always a safe place: A bioecological approach for the violence in pandemic time / Nem sempre a casa é um lugar seguro: um olhar bioecológico para a violência em tempos de pandemia / La casa no siempre es un lugar seguro: una mirada bioecológica a la violencia en tiempos de pandemia

The study objective was to discuss the panorama of Covid-19 and impacts on violence committed at home through Bioecological Theory and to propose strategic actions to guarantee rights and protection. Apparently, due to the need to stay at home, risk situations can be maximized in homes, worsened by the absence or minimization of the performance of protective contexts such as schools, social assistance institutions, and health centers, among others. There is an increase in danger in families due to fear of contagion and death, added by the overload of household chores concern with subsistence and other factors that differ depending on socioeconomic conditions. The characteristics of the person, the proximal processes, the contexts, and the time are identified based on this framework. We concluded about the need for a social mobilization on strategic actions of combat and confrontation, which should be undertaken by everyone, and concrete measures are proposed for this end.

Objetivou-se discutir o panorama da Covid-19 e impactos sobre a violência cometida dentro de casa, à luz da Teoria Bioecológica, e propor ações estratégicas para garantia de direitos e proteção. Constata-se que, em virtude da necessidade de permanência no lar, situações de risco podem ser maximizadas nos lares, agravadas pela ausência ou minimização da atuação de ambientes protetivos como escolas, instituições de assistência social e centros de saúde. Observa-se o aumento do perigo nas famílias decorrentes do medo do contágio e da morte, acrescidos pela sobrecarga de afazeres domésticos, preocupação com a subsistência, e outros fatores que diferem a depender das condições socioeconômicas. As características da pessoa, os processos proximais e o tempo são identificados a partir desse referencial. Conclui-se que a mobilização social é necessária para que ações estratégicas de combate e enfrentamento sejam incorporadas por todos e propostas medidas concretas para esse fim.

El objetivo fue discutir el panorama de Covid-19 y los impactos sobre la violencia cometida en el hogar, bajo la Teoría Bioecológica, y proponer acciones estratégicas para garantizar los derechos y la protección. Debido a la necesidad de quedarse en casa, las situaciones de riesgo pueden maximizarse en hogares, agravadas por la ausencia o minimización del desempeño de ambientes protectores como escuelas, instituciones de asistencia social, centros de salud, etc. El peligro aumenta en las familias debido al miedo al contagio y a la muerte, añadido a la sobrecarga de tareas domésticas, preocupación con la subsistencia y otros factores que difieren según las condiciones socioeconómicas. Las características de la persona, los procesos proximales, los contextos y el tiempo son identificados con base en ese marco. Concluimos sobre la movilización social necesaria para que las acciones estratégicas de combate y afrontamiento sean hechas por todos, y se proponen medidas concretas.

Level of physical activity in leisure time among junior high school students in Jinshang District / 预防医学

Objective@#To explore the determinants of physical activity during leisure time among junior high school students in Jinshan District of Shanghai based on socio-ecological model, so as to provide basis for health promotion in adolescents. @*Methods@#Six public junior high schools were randomly selected from Jinshan District and then a class was selected from every grade. The physical activity of the students in the spare time of one week was monitored. The determinants of physical activity were investigated through a self-designed questionnaire based on socio-ecological model,and were analyzed by optimal scaling regression. @* Results@#A total of 645 questionnaires were sent out, 622（96.43%）of which were valid. The median time spent on active physical activity after school on weekdays and at weekends was 29.00 min and 45.00 min, respectively. The scores of individual, interpersonal and environmental factors were 10.53 ± 2.04, 5.10 ± 1.51 and 8.31 ± 1.85,respectively. The results of the optimal scaling regression analysis showed that residence（β=-0.117, -0.159）,individual factors（β=0.244,0.277）, interpersonal factors（β=0.113, 0.085）and environmental factors（β=-0.140, -0.120) were the influencing factors for the physical activity in extracurricular time on weekdays and at weekends. On weekdays, the influence of individual factors was the largest （62.2%）,followed by interpersonal factors（20.8%）and residence（16.8%）. At weekends, the influence of individual factors was the largest（65.4%）, followed by residence（23.6%）and interpersonal factors（10.5%）.@*Conclusions@#The physical activity level during leisure time among junior high school students in Jinshan District is most affected by individual factors, followed by interpersonal factors and residence. The time spent on physical activity at weekends is insufficient, and the influence of residence is behind individual factors.

Validación de una versión reducida en español del instrumento Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Mobility Impairments / Validation of a short Spanish versión of the instrument Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Mobility Impairments

Resumen: Objetivo: Validar una versión reducida en español del instrumento Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Mobility Impairments (BPAQ-MI), aplicable a diferentes tipos de discapacidad. Material y métodos: El cuestionario fue aplicado a 791 universitarios con discapacidad. La estructura factorial se validó mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio y, para valorar la validez criterial, se llevaron a cabo correlaciones de Spearman. La fiabilidad se evaluó mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: El modelo propuesto reveló buenos índices de ajuste y una excelente consistencia interna (α=0.920). Surgieron relaciones negativas entre las barreras experimentadas y el tiempo de actividad física. Conclusiones: La versión reducida y en español del BPAQ-MI resulta un instrumento válido y fiable para identificar, desde un enfoque socioecológico, las barreras que los estudiantes con discapacidad experimentan para realizar actividad física. Los resultados aportan información valiosa para desarrollar programas de promoción de la actividad física en este colectivo.

Abstract: Objective: To validate a short Spanish version of the instrument Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Mobility Impairments (BPAQ-MI), applicable to different types of disability. Materials and methods: The questionnaire was administered to 791 university students with disabilities. The factorial structure was validated by confirmatory factor analysis and Spearman correlations were carried out to assess criterion validity. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: The proposed model showed good adjustment indexes and an excellent internal consistency (α= 0.920). Negative relationships emerged between the experienced barriers and time spent in physical activity. Conclusions: The short Spanish version of the BPAQ-MI proves to be a valid and reliable instrument to identify, from a socio-ecological perspective, the barriers to physical activity experienced by students with disabilities. The results provide valuable information to develop programs to promote physical activity in this group.

The Influencing Factors of Inpatient Care Utilization among the Elderly in China Based on SEM / 中国卫生统计

Objective To examine the utilization and cost of inpatient care and their influencing factors among the eld-erly in China from the view of social-ecology and to estimate the conditional and the unconditional cost,so as to provide refer-ence for allocating health resource efficiently among the elderly. Methods We build a social-ecological model( SEM) of the in-patient services utilization to estimate personal,familial and community circumstance factors of inpatient service utilizing a two-part model. Using joint modeling of likelihood and cost of inpatient care to estimate the parameter and predict the conditional and unconditional cost of inpatient. Data were extracted from Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey ( CLHLS) in 2011 on 8483 men more than 60 years old. Results The average cost of the elderly,24. 6% of whom actually utilize the services,is￥8082. 8. There are many reasons account for the utilization of inpatient care. In micro system,it was found that the elderly with chronic condition,having bad self-reported health and worse sleep quality have higher proportion of utilization and more cost of inpatient services. In mezzo system,the married men are more likely use inpatient services and spend more money curing disease than other groups. In macro system,the man who reside in the city or own more than one kind of social security have higher pro-portion and cost of inpatient care utilization. The predicted conditional and unconditional cost of inpatient service is ￥8397. 32,￥2478. 92,respectively. The male are higher than the female,theurban are higher than others. The elderly from 80 to 89 years old have the most expense in conditional predicted cost and 70~79 years old have most expense in unconditional predicted cost. Conclusion Social-ecological factors influence the behaviors of inpatient care utilization. Having chronic disease,self-reported health,sleep quality,marital status,residence and social security levels from different aspects are the primary factors which influ-ence proportion and expenditure of inpatient service utilization. The elderly with different characteristics have different conditional costs and unconditional costs,we should allocate health resources efficiently to promote the equity in health care utilization.

A new thinking of the study on plague vector efficiency based on the natural ecological model / 中华地方病学杂志

It is an important topic that the plague vector efficiency has been studied in plague epidemiology from the plague found out,and it is one of the key issues that we recognized the plague preservation and prevalence in nature ecological system too.Current related biological basis,technical theory and new technology research and application,and other fields have made important achievements and progress in the study of plague vector efficiency,but a systematic and standardized evaluation of vector competency and efficiency is needed in modem vector transmission plague research.It is,therefore,necessary to establish specific and valid research indicators based on the plague natural ecological system and the plague nature quality and specific scientific research purpose,and these indicators will also be able to serve the research goal,improve the credibility and comparability of vector efficiency of research results.

The Influencing Factors of Inpatient Care Utilization among the Elderly in China Based on SEM / 中国卫生统计

Objective To examine the utilization and cost of inpatient care and their influencing factors among the eld-erly in China from the view of social-ecology and to estimate the conditional and the unconditional cost,so as to provide refer-ence for allocating health resource efficiently among the elderly. Methods We build a social-ecological model( SEM) of the in-patient services utilization to estimate personal,familial and community circumstance factors of inpatient service utilizing a two-part model. Using joint modeling of likelihood and cost of inpatient care to estimate the parameter and predict the conditional and unconditional cost of inpatient. Data were extracted from Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey ( CLHLS) in 2011 on 8483 men more than 60 years old. Results The average cost of the elderly,24. 6% of whom actually utilize the services,is￥8082. 8. There are many reasons account for the utilization of inpatient care. In micro system,it was found that the elderly with chronic condition,having bad self-reported health and worse sleep quality have higher proportion of utilization and more cost of inpatient services. In mezzo system,the married men are more likely use inpatient services and spend more money curing disease than other groups. In macro system,the man who reside in the city or own more than one kind of social security have higher pro-portion and cost of inpatient care utilization. The predicted conditional and unconditional cost of inpatient service is ￥8397. 32,￥2478. 92,respectively. The male are higher than the female,theurban are higher than others. The elderly from 80 to 89 years old have the most expense in conditional predicted cost and 70~79 years old have most expense in unconditional predicted cost. Conclusion Social-ecological factors influence the behaviors of inpatient care utilization. Having chronic disease,self-reported health,sleep quality,marital status,residence and social security levels from different aspects are the primary factors which influ-ence proportion and expenditure of inpatient service utilization. The elderly with different characteristics have different conditional costs and unconditional costs,we should allocate health resources efficiently to promote the equity in health care utilization.

Evaluación de un programa de intervención para promover la salud sexual en adolescentes mexicanos en conflicto con la ley / Evaluation of an intervention program to promote sexual health among Mexican adolescents in conflict with the law / Avaliação de um programa de intervenção para promover a saúde sexual de adolescentes mexicanos em conflito com a lei

El propósito de la presente investigación fue evaluar la efectividad de un programa de intervención para promover la salud sexual de adolescentes que se encuentran en conflicto con la ley. Se trabajó con 118 adolescentes pertenecientes a una comunidad de diagnóstico. Se utilizó un diseño cuasiexperimental con un grupo de intervención y uno control, conformado por tres fases: preevaluación, intervención y postevaluación. La intervención consistió en cinco sesiones de dos horas cada una, y estuvo conformada por los elementos que responden al modelo ecológico en sus tres niveles: microsistema (conocimientos, creencias, actitudes, intención y autoeficacia para usar condón, autoestima, comunicación con pareja, estilos de negociación para usar condón, entre otras); mesosistema (apoyo, supervisión y comunicación con padre y madre, entre otras), y macrosistema (estereotipos de género). Se realizó un análisis de medidas repetidas. Los resultados mostraron cambios entre el grupo control y el experimental, a favor de este último en todas las variables del modelo, excepto en comunicación con la pareja y autoestima. Los hallazgos se discuten en términos de la importancia de diseñar programas con base en el modelo ecológico dirigidos a población que se encuentran en un ambiente privado de la libertad.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention program to promote sexual health of adolescents in conflict with the law. The study was carried out with 118 adolescents belonging to a diagnosis community. A quasi-experimental design was used with an intervention group and one control group, consisting of three phases: preevaluation, intervention and post-evaluation. The intervention, which consisted of five sessions of two hours each one, comprised the elements that respond to the ecological model in its three levels: micro-system (knowledge, believes, attitudes, intentions and self-efficacy to use condoms, self-esteem, communication with partner, negotiating styles, etc.); meso-system (support, supervision and communication with parent, etc.) and macro-system (gender stereotypes). An analysis of repeated measures was performed. Results showed changes between control and experimental groups, in favor of the latter in all the variables of the model, except for partner communication and self-esteem. The findings are discussed in terms of the importance of designing programs based on the ecological model aimed at people who are deprived of freedom.

O propósito desta pesquisa foi avaliar a efetividade de um programa de intervenção para promover a saúde sexual de adolescentes que se encontram em conflito com a lei. Trabalhou-se com 118 adolescentes pertencentes a uma comunidade de diagnóstico. Foi utilizado um desenho quase-experimental com um grupo de intervenção e um de controle, conformado por três fases: pré-avaliação, intervenção e pós-avaliação. A intervenção consistiu em cinco sessões de duas horas cada uma e foi formada pelos elementos que respondem ao modelo ecológico em seus três níveis: microssistema (conhecimentos, crenças, atitudes, intenção e autoeficácia para usar preservativo, autoestima, comunicação com o parceiro, estilos de negociação para usar preservativo, entre outros); mesossistema (apoio, supervisão e comunicação com os pais, entre outros) e macrossistema (estereótipos de gênero). Foi realizada uma análise de medidas repetidas. Os resultados mostraram mudanças entre o grupo controle e o experimental a favor deste último em todas as variáveis do modelo, exceto em comunicação com o parceiro e autoestima. Os achados são discutidos quanto à importância de desenhar programas com base no modelo ecológico dirigidos à população que se encontra num ambiente privado de liberdade.

Influencia de la familia sobre las conductas antisociales en adolescentes de Arequipa-Perú

El objetivo fue determinar la influencia de la familia sobre las conductas antisociales en adolescentes no institucionalizados. La muestra consistió en 929 alumnos de secundaria entre 13 y 17 años de edad. Se aplicó una batería de instrumentos sobre datos sociodemográficos, conductas antisociales y funcionamiento familiar: relación, satisfacción, cohesión, adaptabilidad y comunicación familiar. Se analizaron las variables por medio de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales diferenciados por sexo. Los resultados mostraron que el funcionamiento familiar, en ambos sexos, y el número de hermanos, en los varones, son factores protectores frente a las conductas antisociales. Los factores de riesgo son: maltrato infantil y violencia entre los padres, en las mujeres; además del consumo de alcohol en los padres, para ambos sexos.

The aim was to determine the influence of the family on antisocial behavior in non-institutionalized adolescents. The sample consisted of 929 high school students, between 14 and 17 years old. In the process, a battery of test about social-demographic data, antisocial behavior and family functioning: relationship, satisfaction, cohesion, adaptability and family communication was applied. We analyzed variables using structural equation models differentiated by sex. The results indicated that family functioning in both sexes and the number of siblings in males are considerable factors when discussing antisocial behavior. The risk factors are: child abuse and violence between parents in females, besides consumption of alcohol by parents in both sexes.

Habilidades sociais e o modelo bioecológico do desenvolvimento humano: análise e perspectivas / Habilidades sociales y el modelo bioecológico de desarrollo humano: análisis y perspectivas / Social skills and bioecological model of human development: analyze and perspectives

Este artigo analisa possíveis relações entre o campo teórico-prático das Habilidades Sociais (HS) e o Modelo Bioecológico do Desenvolvimento Humano (MBDH). Para isso, descreve e relaciona os pressupostos e conceitos-chave de cada um, focalizando as contribuições da perspectiva bioecológica para o estudo do desenvolvimento das habilidades sociais. Defende-se o MBDH como uma alternativa teórico-metodológica que se aproxima de alguns conceitos vinculados a uma vertente teórica relacionada do campo das HS e do Treinamento de Habilidades Sociais (THS). Embora se reconheçam os limites e desafios da presente proposta, entende-se que ela tem o mérito de fomentar novas possibilidades de pesquisa e de prática em trabalhos que contemplem as relações interpessoais e as HS ao longo do ciclo vital.

Este artículo analiza las posibles relaciones entre el campo teórico y práctico de las habilidades sociales (HS) y el Modelo Bioecológico de Desarrollo Humano (MBDH). Para ello, describe y enumera los supuestos y conceptos clave de cada uno, centrándose en las contribuciones de la perspectiva bioecológica para el estudio del desarrollo de habilidades sociales. Sostiene el MBDH como una alternativa teórico-metodológica que se acerca de algunos conceptos vinculados a un enfoque teórico relacionado del campo de las HS y Entrenamiento en Habilidades Sociales (EHS). A pesar de que reconocen los límites y desafíos de esta propuesta, se entiende que tiene el mérito de promover nuevas oportunidades para la investigación y la práctica en las obras que abordan las relaciones interpersonales y el HS a lo largo del ciclo de vida.

This article examines possible relationships between the theoretical and practical of Social Skills (SS) and Bioecological Model of Human Development (BMHD). The study describes and lists the assumptions and key concepts of each, focusing on the contributions of bio-ecological approach to study the development of social skills. It is argued the BMHD as an alternative theoretical and methodological approach of some concepts linked to the theoretical of SS, and Social Skills Training (SST). Although recognizing the limits and challenges of this proposal means that it has the merit of promoting new opportunities for research and practice in works that address the interpersonal relationships and the SS over the life cycle.

Las características personales y los valores sociales de una poblacion urbana relacionados con la participación social / Personal characteristics and social values of urban population related to social participation

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar las características personales (ontosistema) y los valores sociales (macrosistema) que se relacionan con la participación social. Se encuesto a 113 habitantes de una ciudad en el noroeste de México. Se emplearon ecuaciones estructurales para identificar el modelo integrado por el factor características personales (ontosistema) con las variables autoconcepto positivo, autoconcepto negativo y autoestima positiva; el factor valores sociales (macrosistema) con las variables prosocialidad, responsabilidad y justicia-igualdad y el factor participación social con las variables organización social, acciones comunitarias y toma de decisiones. El modelo propuesto corresponde con el teórico, por lo que el factor características personales (ontosistema) y el factor valores (macrosistema) explican el diez por ciento de la varianza para el factor participación social. Se concluyó que tanto el factor características personales (ontosistema) como el factor valores (macrosistema) influyen directamente a la participación social.

The aim of this work was to identify personal characteristics (onto-system) and values (macro-system) which are related with social participation. A sample of 113 inhabitants of a Northeast city of Mexico was studied using a survey. Structural equations were used for identifying a social participation model integrated by personal characteristics factor (onto-system) with positive self-concept, negative self-concept and positive self-esteem. The values factor (macro-system) with sociality, responsibility and justice-equality values and social participation factor was integrated with the variables called social organization, communities actions and making decisions. The model found matches with theoretical model. Accordingly personal characteristics factor (onto-system) and values factor (macro-system) explain ten percent of social participation factor's variance. This study showed personal characteristics factor (onto-system) and values factor (macro-system) influence the social participation factor.

Evaluación de factores de resiliencia en niños argentinos en condiciones de vulnerabilidad familiar / Assessment of Resilience Factors in Argentines Children in Familiar Vulnerability Conditions

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo general identificar factores asociados a la capacidad de resiliencia en una muestra de niños víctimas de maltrato infantil y analizar la relación entre variables contextuales y personales sobre la resiliencia. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 102 niños entre 6 y 13 años de edad víctimas de maltrato (físico, psicológico y negligencia). Se construyó un índice de resiliencia con base en las pruebas aplicadas a los niños y se adoptó el modelo ecológico que considera diferentes niveles contextuales en el desarrollo. Los resultados señalaron asociaciones significativas entre la resiliencia y la verbalización del problema, la presencia de baja sintomatología, el apoyo de la familia nuclear y/o extensa y la acción participativa de la comunidad.

The purpose of this study was to assess factors associated with resilience in abused children and to analyze the relationship between context and personal variables regarding resilience. The sample consisted of 102 abused children (victims of neglect, physical abuse, and psychological abuse) between 6-13 years-old. We built a resilience index based on tests applied to the children and we adopted the ecological model that takes into account the different context levels of development. The results point out to significant associations between resilience index and the ability to verbalize the problem, low levels of symptomatology, the support of the nuclear or extended family, and the community's active involvement.

Redes sociais de apoio no contexto da prematuridade: perspectiva do modelo bioecológico do desenvolvimento humano / Social support networks in the context of prematurity: perspective of the bioecological model of human development

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão crítica da literatura a respeito das redes sociais de apoio no contexto do desenvolvimento de crianças nascidas pré-termo, centrada na abordagem do Modelo Bioecológico do Desenvolvimento Humano, a qual aborda a influência de ambientes externos como contexto para o desenvolvimento. Realizou-se o levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados Portal da Capes, MedLine, Lilacs e SciELO, por meio de descritores pré-estabelecidos. Dentre 137 trabalhos, apenas 39 referiam-se à temática proposta, e apenas um relacionou prematuridade e modelo bioecológico. Os resultados apontam a importância do apoio de pessoas significativas e dos programas de acompanhamento de crianças que nascem pré-termo e de suas famílias, o que remete, respectivamente, à rede social pessoal e institucional. Ressalta-se a implementação das políticas de saúde que planejam as ações na saúde perinatal e na área da infância a partir da perspectiva das redes sociais de apoio como estratégia de cuidado...

This article presents a critical review of the literature related to social support networks in the context of the development of children born pre-term. The focus is on the approach of the Bioecological Model of Human Development, which highlights the influence of external environments as a context for development. The bibliographical survey was carried out in the following databases, Portal da Capes, MedLine, Lilacs and SciELO, using pre-established descriptors. Among the 137 studies, only 39 referred to the proposed theme and only one related prematurity with the Bioecological Model. The results highlight the importance of support from significant people and of the monitoring programs for children born preterm and their families, referring to the personal and institutional social network, respectively. The importance of the implementation of health policies in which actions are planned in the perinatal and childhood health area is noteworthy from the perspective of social support networks as a care strategy...

An Analysis of Trainers' Perspectives within an Ecological Framework: Factors that Influence Mine Safety Training Processes

BACKGROUND: Satisfactory completion of mine safety training is a prerequisite for being hired and for continued employment in the coal industry. Although training includes content to develop skills in a variety of mineworker competencies, research and recommendations continue to specify that specific limitations in the self-escape portion of training still exist and that mineworkers need to be better prepared to respond to emergencies that could occur in their mine. Ecological models are often used to inform the development of health promotion programs but have not been widely applied to occupational health and safety training programs. METHODS: Nine mine safety trainers participated in in-depth semi-structured interviews. A theoretical analysis of the interviews was completed via an ecological lens. Each level of the social ecological model was used to examine factors that could be addressed both during and after mine safety training. RESULTS: The analysis suggests that problems surrounding communication and collaboration, leadership development, and responsibility and accountability at different levels within the mining industry contribute to deficiencies in mineworkers' mastery and maintenance of skills. CONCLUSION: This study offers a new technique to identify limitations in safety training systems and processes. The analysis suggests that training should be developed and disseminated with consideration of various levels-individual, interpersonal, organizational, and community-to promote skills. If factors identified within and between levels are addressed, it may be easier to sustain mineworker competencies that are established during safety training.

Application of the ecological framework in depression: an approach whose time has come

Background: Depression is a common psychiatric disorder. It is a global health problem and a public health concern. There is a need to explore and conceptualize a workable and comprehensive model that facilitates the treatment and prevention of depression in the community. The ecological model that has been used in several health issues may be viewed as an option. Objective: This paper aims to propose an ecological model for depression; the model can describe a comprehensive approach in treating and rehabilitating people with depression. Discussion: Application of a community model in psychiatry was first recorded by Lambo. However, application of the ecological model in treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention of depression has not been recorded. We review and discuss the application of this model in this setting. Conclusion: This ecological approach may be a useful approach in treating and rehabilitating individuals with depression in the community. This may require some degree of community sensitization, empowerment and mental health advocacy.

Violencia de género en la pareja: una revisión teórica / Violência de gênero em casais: uma revisão teórica / Gender violence in couple: a theoretical review

El presente texto discute las diferentes perspectivas teóricas que explican la violencia de género en la pareja. Se propone que el modelo ecológico y la perspectiva de género son dos teorías importantes y complementares a la hora de investigar este fenómeno. A través del modelo ecológico, el maltrato es entendido como producto de la interacción de múltiplos factores relacionados con la historia individual de la víctima y del maltratador, con el macrosistema (mitos sobre la violencia, cultura machista), con el exosistema (estrés, respuesta de las instituciones ante la solicitud de la víctima, redes sociales) y con el microsistema (conflictos conyugales). La perspectiva de género ayuda a entender que la sociedad está estructurada por el género, pues este atraviesa los sistemas del modelo ecológico a través, por ejemplo, de la socialización en género a nivel individual y de las normas culturales a nivel macrosistemico. Así se pone el acento que la combinación del enfoque del modelo ecológico sumado a la perspectiva de género brinda un mejor entendimiento sobre la violencia de género en la pareja...

Este artigo discute as diferentes perspectivas teóricas que explicam a violência doméstica em casais. Propõe-se que o modelo ecológico e a perspectiva do gênero são duas teorias importantes e complementares no momento que se pretende estudar esse fenômeno. Através do modelo ecológico, o abuso é entendido como um produto da interação de múltiplos fatores relacionados com a história individual da vítima e do agressor, com o macro sistema (mitos sobre a violência, a cultura machista) com exossistema (estresse, resposta às instituições frente ao pedido da vítima, redes sociais), e com o micro sistema (conflitos conjugais). A perspectiva de gênero ajuda a compreender que a sociedade é estruturada por gênero, atravessando os sistemas do modelo ecológico através, por exemplo, socialização de gênero em um nível individual e das normas culturais em um nível do macro sistema. Assim, enfatiza-se que a combinação do modelo da abordagem ecológica combinada com uma perspectiva de gênero permite uma melhor compreensão da violência de gênero em casais...

The present text discusses different theoretical perspectives that explain gender violence in couples. It proposes that the ecological model and the gender perspective are two important and complementary theories that help research about this phenomena. Through the ecological model, maltreatment is understood as a product of the interaction of multiple factors related to the individual history of the victim and the male batterer’s personal history, the macrosystem (myths of violence and chauvinist culture), the exosystem (stress, institutional treatment, social network) and microsystem (marital conflicts). The gender perspective helps to understand how society is built on gender as it permeates the systems of ecological model, for an example, the gender socialization at an individual level and the cultural values at macrosystem level. It highlights that the combination of the ecological model and gender perspective offers a better understanding about gender violence in couples...

A Study on Factors Affecting Cultural Competency of General Hospital Nurses / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: As Korea has been rapidly transformed to be a multicultural society, it becomes essential for nurses to develop cultural competency. The purpose of this descriptive study was to assess the cultural competency level of general hospital nurses and to examine its contributing factors adopting ecological model. METHOD: A convenience sample of 327 nurses from six general hospitals in Seoul metropolitan area was recruited between November 14 to 28, 2011. Cultural competency was measured using the Korean version of the Caffrey Cultural Competence in Healthcare Scale (CCCHS) and Cultural Competence Assessment(CCA). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the influence of intrapersonal, cultural-experience, and organizational factors on cultural competency. RESULTS: Mean cultural competency in this study was 2.57(+/-0.43). Cultural competency was associated with job position (p=.044) at the intrapersonal level. At the cultural experience level, foreign language classes experience (p=.005), fluency in a foreign language (p=.000), experience of working with foreign health care professionals (p=.000) were associated cultural competency. At the organizational level, training program (p=.000), job description (p=.002), health education materials (p=.016), insufficient job control (p=.000), and interpersonal conflicts (p=.011) showed significant difference. Foreign language class experience, foreign language fluency, experience of working with foreign health care professionals, and job control were the most consistent predictors of cultural competence and explained 20.4% of the total variance in the proposed ecological model. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that to enhance cultural competency in general hospital nurses, cultural experience and organizational factors need to be more fully considered than intrapersonal factors.